In Nigeria there is no comprehensive law for combating violence against women. The Penal Code, applicable in all northern states, governs rape in Nigeria. Recently, the Violence Against Persons Prohibition Act was enacted and it defines rape in a more extensive way. The perpetrator, however, is limited to ‘any man,’ and such a restricted definition limits the applicability of the law to other types of sexual violence. More protective legislation supporting women and girls who have suffered (sexual) slavery, abductions and other forms of sexual violence are lacking.
The ICC’s preliminary examination recognised the crimes against humanity of murder and persecution as well as war crimes such as rape, sexual slavery and sexual violence. Of the 8 potential cases, 6 are against Boko Haram and 2 are against the Nigerian Security Forces. Trials have been held against Boko Haram suspects, often under the Terrorism (Prevention) (Amendment) Act. Though more than a hundred defendants were convicted, none were charged with crimes of sexual violence.
In camps, survivors are faced with inadequate assistance, particularly as an increasing amount of women and girls are returning. Some of the most important services identified have been psycho-social support, maternal healthcare and distribution of hygiene kits. Furthermore, there is a severe lack of livelihood opportunities for those living in IDP camps, with very few opportunities in the formal labour market.